Q.21 What is the unit of specific conductance?
a) Ohm b)
Mho c)
Ohm cm-1 d) mho
cm-1
Ans 21. D
Q.22 Which of the following material is not used in the stationary
phase of size exclusion
chromatography?
a) Dextran b)
Agarose c)
Polyacrylamide d) Polyvinyl Alcohol
Ans 22. D Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) is a chromatographic method in which molecules in solution are
separated by their size, and in some cases molecular
weight. It is usually applied to large molecules
or macromolecular complexes such as proteins and industrial polymers.
Typically, when an aqueous solution is used to transport the sample through the
column, the technique is known as gel-filtration
chromatography, versus the name gel permeation chromatography, which is used when an
organic solvent is used as a mobile phase.
Applications
The main application of gel-filtration
chromatography is the fractionation of proteins and other water-soluble
polymers, while gel permeation chromatography is used to analyze the molecular
weight distribution of organic-soluble polymers. Either technique should not be
confused with gel electrophoresis, where an electric field is
used to "pull" or "push" molecules through the gel
depending on their electrical charges.
Media
for gel exclusion chromatography
The media used for gel exclusion
chromatography include dextran , polyacrylamide and dextran-polyacrylamide and agarose . Each is available with a variety
of different ranges of pore size in the beads, permitting separation of
macromolecules of different size.
A gel with a smaller range of pore
sizes (and hence a smaller range over which it can separate macromolecules on
the basis of their size) will give a higher resolution; a gel with a wider
range will give lower resolution, but will permit fractionation of a larger
range of sizes as an initial step when the approximate molecular mass of the
enzyme is not known.
The particle size of the gel beads
(the mesh size) also affects resolution; smaller beads permit higher
resolution, but a lower flow rate through the column (and hence a slower
separation).
The table shows the useful range for
the most commonly used gel filtration media - the lower and upper molecular
sizes (in kDa) over which they can be used to separate macromolecules. The
upper limit is known as the exclusion limit of the gel - the size above which
proteins will elute in the void volume of the column.
Q.23 Which of the following Indicator is not used in non aqueous
titration?
a) 1-Napthol benzein b)
Diphenylamine c)
Quanaldine Red d) Malachite green
Ans 23. B Nonaqueous titration is the titration
of substances dissolved in nonaqueous
solvents.
It is the most common titrimetric procedure used in pharmacopoeial
assays
and serves a double purpose: it is suitable for the titration of very weak acids and very weak bases, and it provides a solvent
in which organic compounds are soluble.
The most commonly used procedure is the titration
of organic
bases with perchloric
acid in anhydrous
acetic acid. These assays
sometimes take some perfecting in terms of being able to judge the endpoint
precisely.
Visual indicators
The following indicators are in common
use:
Indicator
|
Color
change
|
Color
change
|
Color
change
|
|
basic
|
neutral
|
acidic
|
Crystal violet (0.5 per cent in glacial acetic acid)
|
violet
|
blue-green
|
yellowish-green
|
α-Naphtholbenzein
(0.2 per cent in glacial acetic acid)
|
blue or blue-green
|
orange
|
dark-green
|
Oracet Blue B
(0.5 per cent in glacial acetic acid)
|
blue
|
purple
|
pink
|
Quinaldine Red (0.1 per cent in methanol)
|
magenta
|
|
almost colorless
|
Q.24 Ecuelle method is used for extraction of
a) Lemon oil b)
Clove oil c)
Camphor oil d) Palmrosa oil
Ans 24. A Ecuelle method is used for extraction of
citrus oils, wherein oil cells in rind are ruptured mechanically using pointed
projections by twisting raw material over them in clockwise directin either
mechanically or manually.
Q.25 Peri-winkle is synonym of
a) Peru Balsam b)
Ipecac c)
Vinica d) Guggel
Ans 25. C Vinca is a genus of six
species in the family Apocynaceae, native to Europe,
northwest Africa and southwest Asia.
The English name periwinkle
is shared with the related genus Catharanthus (and also with the common seashore mollusc, Littorina littorea). In India the plant is known as
sadaphuli meaning "always flowering".
Periwinkle is a color in the blue and purple family. Its name is derived from the lesser
periwinkle or myrtle herb (Vinca minor) which bears flowers of the same color.
This color is also similar to the mint color.
Q.26 Methylation of cephaelin is converted into
a) Emetine b)
Hydrastine c)
Psychotrine d)
Ipecacuanin
Ans 26. A
Emetine
is a complex polycyclic molecule and could be obtained by methylation of
cephaelin. The radical CH3 as circled, is absence in cephaelin (Lee, 2008). The
(R)’ configuration at C-1’ and secondary nitrogen atom at the 2’ position are
necessary for emetine’s activity (Grollman, 1966).
Q.27 Crocin is obtained from Crocus used as
a) Coloring agent b)
Antipyretic c)
Antirheumatic d) Antidiarrhial
Ans 27. A Crocin is a
natural carotenoid
chemical compound that is found in the flowers crocus and gardenia.
It is the diester
formed from the disaccharide gentiobiose
and the dicarboxylic acid crocetin.
It has a deep red color and forms crystals with a melting point of 186 °C. When
dissolved in water, it forms an orange solution.
Crocin is the chemical ingredient primarily responsible for the color of saffron.
Saffron is a spice derived from
the flower of Crocus
sativus, commonly known as the saffron crocus. Crocus is a genus in the family Iridaceae.
Saffron crocus grows to 20–30 cm (8–12 in) and bears up to four
flowers, each with three vivid crimson stigmas,
which are the distal end of a carpel.
Crocin has been shown to be a potent neuronal antioxidant.
It has also been shown to have an antiproliferative
action against cancer cells in vitro. Limited evidence suggests possible
antidepressant properties of crocin in mice and humans. One study reports aphrodisiac
properties in male rats at very high doses.
Q.28 Bromelain is mixture of proteolytic enzyme obtained from
a) Papaya b)
Pine apple c) Peptone d) Bacillus subtilis
Ans 28. B
Bromelain is an extract derived from the stems
of pineapples, although it exists in all parts of the fresh plant
and fruit, which has many uses. The extract has a history of folk and modern
medicinal use. As a supplement it is thought to have anti-inflammatory effects. Bromelain also contains chemicals
that might interfere with the growth of tumor cells and slow blood clotting,
but there is no peer-reviewed research showing any efficacy against tumours. As
a culinary ingredient it is used primarily as a tenderizer.
The
term "bromelain" may refer to either of two protease enzymes extracted from the plants of the
family, Bromeliaceae, or it may refer to a combination of those
enzymes along with other compounds produced in an extract.
Available in some countries as a product under
the name 'Ananase', bromelain began its reputation for various uses in folk medicine
and continues to be explored as a potential healing agent in alternative medicine. First introduced in
medical research in 1957, bromelain may work by blocking some proinflammatory metabolites
when applied topically.
Bromelain may be used after surgery to reduce swelling. Preliminary research
indicates that bromelain may affect migration of neutrophils to sites of acute inflammation.
As
a potential anti-inflammatory agent,
it may be useful for treating arthritis, but has neither been confirmed
in human studies for this use, nor is it approved with a health claim for such an effect by the Food and Drug Administration
or European Food Safety Authority.
The Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database suggests that bromelain,
when used in conjunction with trypsin and rutin
is as effective as some prescription analgesics in the management of
osteoarthritis.
Systemic
enzyme therapy (consisting of combinations of proteolytic enzymes such as
bromelain, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and papain) has been
investigated in Europe to evaluate the efficacy of proteolytic enzymes in the
treatment of breast, colorectal, and plasmacytoma cancer patients.In mice with
experimental colitis, 6 months of dietary bromelain from pineapple stem or
from fresh juice decreased the severity of colonic inflammation and reduced the number of cancerous
lesions in the colon.
Bromelain supplements may increase the risk associated with heart rate,
blood clotting and bleeding post-surgery.
Q.29 Opium is found as a salt of ……….
a) Meconic acid b)
Hydrochoric acid c) Quinic acid d) Sulphuric acid
Ans 29. A Meconic acid, also known as acidum meconicum and poppy
acid, is a chemical substance found
in certain plants of the Papaveraceae family (poppy) such as Papaver somniferum
(opium poppy) and Papaver bracteatum.
Meconic acid constitutes about 5% of opium
and can be used as an analytical marker for the presence of opium. Meconic acid
has erroneously been described as a mild narcotic, but it has little or no physiological activity, and
is not used medicinally. Meconic acid forms salts with alkaloids and metals. These salts as well as meconic acid esters
are called meconates. Meconic acid was first isolated by Friedrich Sertürner in
1805.
Meconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid. Its structure contains two carboxylic acid groups (-COOH) and one keto group (=O) attached to a pyran
ring. Meconic acid gives a red color with ferric chloride. Meconic acid is colorless and is only
slightly soluble in water but readily soluble in alcohol.
Q.30 Methyl orange has pH range of
a) 8.3-10 b)
1.2-2.9 c) 2.8-4.9 d) 6.8-8.4
Ans 30. C
Methyl orange is a pH indicator frequently used in titrations.
It is often used in
titrations because of its clear and distinct colour change. Because it changes
colour at the pH of a mid-strength acid, it is usually used in titrations for
acids. Unlike a universal indicator,
methyl orange does not have a full spectrum of colour change, but has a sharper
end point.
Methyl orange has mutagenic properties.
Indicator colours
In a solution becoming less acidic, methyl orange moves from red to orange
and finally to yellow with the reverse occurring for a solution increasing in
acidity. The entire colour change occurs in acidic conditions.
In
an acid it is reddish and in alkali it is yellow. Methyl orange has a pKa of
3.47 in water at 25 degrees Celsius
Indicator
|
Low pH color
|
Transition pH
range
|
High pH color
|
Alizarine
Yellow R
|
yellow
|
10.2–12.0
|
red
|
Azolitmin
|
red
|
4.5–8.3
|
blue
|
Bromocresol
green
|
yellow
|
3.8–5.4
|
blue
|
Bromocresol
purple
|
yellow
|
5.2–6.8
|
purple
|
Bromophenol blue
|
yellow
|
3.0–4.6
|
purple
|
Bromothymol blue
|
yellow
|
6.0–7.6
|
blue
|
Congo red
|
blue-violet
|
3.0–5.0
|
red
|
Cresol Red
|
yellow
|
7.2–8.8
|
reddish-purple
|
Cresolphthalein
|
colorless
|
8.2–9.8
|
red
|
Gentian violet (Methyl
violet 10B)
|
yellow
|
0.0–2.0
|
blue-violet
|
Malachite green (first
transition)
|
yellow
|
0.0–2.0
|
green
|
Malachite green (second
transition)
|
green
|
11.6–14
|
colorless
|
Methyl orange
|
red
|
3.1–4.4
|
yellow
|
Methyl red
|
red
|
4.4–6.2
|
yellow
|
Methyl yellow
|
red
|
2.9–4.0
|
yellow
|
Naphtholphthalein
|
colorless
to reddish
|
7.3–8.7
|
|
Neutral red
|
red
|
6.8–8.0
|
yellow
|
Phenol red
|
yellow
|
6.4–8.0
|
red
|
Phenolphthalein
|
colorless
|
8.3–10.0
|
fuchsia
|
Screened methyl orange (first
transition)
|
red
|
0.0–3.2
|
|
Screened methyl orange (second
transition)
|
grey
|
3.2–4.2
|
green
|
Thymol blue (first
transition)
|
red
|
1.2–2.8
|
yellow
|
Thymol blue (second
transition)
|
yellow
|
8.0–9.6
|
blue
|
Thymolphthalein
|
colorless
|
9.3–10.5
|
blue
|
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