Q. l Mini Pill contains
a) Estrogen b)
Non Hormonal Contents
c) Progesterone d)
Estrogen and Progesterone
Ans 1. C Progestogen-only
pills or progestin-only pills (POP) are contraceptive pills that contain only
synthetic progestogens
(progestins) and do not contain estrogen. They are colloquially known as mini pills.
Q.2 Longer use of organic nitrates in Angina pectoris cause one of
the following side effect
a) Hepatotoxicity b)
Tolerance c) Aplastic
anemia d) Nepherotoxicity
Ans 2. B The most specific medicine to treat angina is
nitroglycerin. It is a potent vasodilator that makes more
oxygen available to the heart muscle. After long-term use for chronic conditions,
tolerance may develop in a patient, reducing its effectiveness.
Q.3 Zafirleucast is used as anti-asthmatic acts as
a) Prostaglandin antagonist b)
Lipooxygenase Inhibitor
c) Cyclooxygenase inhibitor d)
Leukotrine receptor antagonist
Ans 3. D Zafirlukast is an oral leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA) for the maintenance treatment of asthma, often used in conjunction with an inhaled
steroid and/or long-acting bronchodilator. Zafirlukast blocks the action of the
cysteinyl leukotrienes
on the CysLT1 receptors,
thus reducing constriction of the airways, build-up of mucus in the lungs and inflammation
of the breathing passages.
Q.4 Phloem does not contain
a) Phloem fibers b)
Sieve-tubes c)
Companion cells d)
Tracheids
Ans 4. D Phloem tissue consists of: conducting cells,
generally called sieve elements;
parenchyma
cells, including both specialized companion
cells or albuminous cells
and unspecialized cells; and supportive cells, such as fibres and sclereids.
Q.5 Group of plants of a species which have identical
morphological characters but differ in their
chemical nature known as
a) Hybrids b)
Chemodemes c) Polyploidy d) Mutation
Ans 5. B Chemodemes
(Chemical Races) are regarded as a group
of plants of a species which have identical morphological characters but differ
in their chemical nature.
Q.6 Which of the following is the major cause of drug instability?
a) Oxidation b)
Photolysis c) Hydrolysis d) Racemization
Ans 6. A Removal of an electropositive
atom, radical or electron, or the addition of an electronegative atom or
radical.”
Types:
Oxidation has two types
· Auto-oxidation
· Photo-oxidation
Auto-oxidation:
“Oxidation in which the oxygen present in the air is involved.”
This process proceeds slowly under the influence of atmospheric oxygen
e.g. Oil, fats & unsaturated compound can undergo auto- oxidation
Photo-oxidation:
“Oxidation in which removal of the electron is involved with out presence of O2.”
This type is less frequently encountered
e.g. It occurs in adrenaline, riboflavin & ascorbic acid etc.
Types:
Oxidation has two types
· Auto-oxidation
· Photo-oxidation
Auto-oxidation:
“Oxidation in which the oxygen present in the air is involved.”
This process proceeds slowly under the influence of atmospheric oxygen
e.g. Oil, fats & unsaturated compound can undergo auto- oxidation
Photo-oxidation:
“Oxidation in which removal of the electron is involved with out presence of O2.”
This type is less frequently encountered
e.g. It occurs in adrenaline, riboflavin & ascorbic acid etc.
Q.7 What is the unit of rate constant for zero order kinetics?
a) s-1 b)
Mol L-1s-1 c)
Mol L s-1 d)
Mol-1L-1s
Ans 7. B Differential rate laws can take on
many different forms, especially for complicated chemical reactions. However,
most chemical reactions obey one of three differential rate laws. Each rate law
contains a constant, k, called the rate constant. The units for
the rate constant depend upon the rate law, because the rate always has units
of mole L-1 sec-1 and the concentration always has units
of mole L-1.
Zero-Order Reaction
For a zero-order reaction, the rate of reaction is a constant.
When the limiting reactant is completely consumed, the reaction abrupts stops.
Differential Rate Law: r = k
The rate constant, k, has units of mole L-1 sec-1.
Differential Rate Law: r = k
The rate constant, k, has units of mole L-1 sec-1.
For a zero-order reaction the
half-life is given by
First-Order Reaction
For a first-order reaction, the rate of reaction is directly
proportional to the concentration of one of the reactants.
Differential Rate Law: r = k [A]
The rate constant, k, has units of sec-1.
Differential Rate Law: r = k [A]
The rate constant, k, has units of sec-1.
Second-Order Reaction
For a second-order reaction, the rate of reaction is
directly proportional to the square of the concentration of one of the
reactants.
Differential Rate Law: r = k [A]2
The rate constant, k, has units of L mole-1 sec-1.
Differential Rate Law: r = k [A]2
The rate constant, k, has units of L mole-1 sec-1.
Units
The units of the rate constant
depend on the global order of reaction:
If concentration is measured in units of mol·L−1 (sometimes abbreviated as M), then
- For order (m + n), the rate coefficient has units of mol1−(m+n)·L(m+n)−1·s−1
- For order zero, the rate coefficient has units of mol·L−1·s−1 (or M·s−1)
- For order one, the rate coefficient has units of s−1
- For order two, the rate coefficient has units of L·mol−1·s−1 (or M−1·s−1)
- And for order three, the rate coefficient has units of L2·mol−2·s−1 (or M−2·s−1)
Q.8 Talc is used as glidant
as ?
a) 5% b)
10% c) 15% d) 20%
Ans 8. A Talc=5% , Corn
starch=5-10%
LUBRICANTS:
Magnesium Stearate (and Calcium Stearate):
Water Solubility: Insoluble
Conc. Use Range: 0.25 - 1.5%
Magnesium Stearate (and Calcium Stearate):
Water Solubility: Insoluble
Conc. Use Range: 0.25 - 1.5%
Stearic Acid:
Water Solubility: Insoluble
Conc. Use Range:1 - 4%
Water Solubility: Insoluble
Conc. Use Range:1 - 4%
Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil
(Sterotex, Lubritab, Cutina):
Water Solubility: Insoluble
Conc. Use Range: 2 - 5%
Water Solubility: Insoluble
Conc. Use Range: 2 - 5%
Mineral Oil:
Water Solubility: Insoluble
Conc. Use Range: 1 - 3%
Water Solubility: Insoluble
Conc. Use Range: 1 - 3%
Polyethylene Glycol 4000 -6000
(PEG):
Water Solubility: Soluble
Conc. Use Range: 2 - 5%
Water Solubility: Soluble
Conc. Use Range: 2 - 5%
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS):
Water Solubility: Soluble
Conc. Use Range: 2 - 3%
Water Solubility: Soluble
Conc. Use Range: 2 - 3%
Glyceryl Palmitostearate
(Precirol) & Glyceryl Behenate (Compitrol 888):
Water Solubility: Insoluble
Conc. Use Range: 2 - 5%
Water Solubility: Insoluble
Conc. Use Range: 2 - 5%
Sodium Stearyl Fumarate (Pruv):
Water Solubility: Soluble
Conc. Use Range: 0.5 - 2%
Water Solubility: Soluble
Conc. Use Range: 0.5 - 2%
ANTIADHERANTS and GLIDANTS:
Talc:
Water Solubility: Insoluble
Conc. Use Range: 1-10%
Talc:
Water Solubility: Insoluble
Conc. Use Range: 1-10%
The pure talc mineral is a
hydrous magnesium silicate, Mg3Si3O10(OH)2
Fumed Silicon Dioxide
(Cab-o-sil):
Water Solubility: Insoluble
Conc. Use Range: As anti-adherent, 1-2% As glidant, 0.1 - 0.5%
Water Solubility: Insoluble
Conc. Use Range: As anti-adherent, 1-2% As glidant, 0.1 - 0.5%
Q.9 The surface material from a tablet that is sticking to and
being removed from the tablet’s
surface by a punch is known as
a) Capping b)
Lamination c)
Sticking d) Picking
Ans 9. D
Capping→Partial or complete removal of top or bottom portion of the
tablet (Due to air entrapment)
Lamination→Separation of tablet into two or more distinct layers (Due to air
entrapment)
Sticking→Adhesion of tablet material to a die wall ( Due to excessive
moisture)
Picking→Material from a tablet that is sticking to and being removed from
the tablet’s
surface by a punch
Mottling→Unequal colour distribution on a tablet
Q.10 Zeatin
a) Auxin b)
Gibberlin c) Cytokinin d)
Abscisic acid
Ans 10. C Zeatin is a plant
hormone derived from the purinebase called adenine. Zeatin
belongs to the family of plant-growth hormones called cytokinins
and was discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea.
It promotes growth of lateral buds and when sprayed on meristems
stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants.
Zeatin and its derivatives are the
active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Zeatin has several anti-aging
effects on human skin fibroblasts.
Q.11 Cap Aloe is
a) Aloe Barbadensis b)
Aloe Perryi c) Aloe Vera d) Aloe ferox
Ans 11. D
(Aloe ferox)
Aloe ferox, also known as Cape Aloe, Bitter Aloe,
Red Aloe and Tap
Aloe,is a species of aloe
indigenous to South
Africa's Western Cape,
Eastern Cape.
Aloe Barbadensis→Barbados or Curacao aloes
Aloe Perryi→Socotrine aloes
Q.12 Most toxic constituent of Red Squill is
a) Scillaren A b)
Scillaren B c)
Scilliroside d)
Glucoscillaren
Ans 12. C Drimia
maritima (syn. Urginea maritima) is a species
of flowering
plant in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae (formerly the family Hyacinthaceae).
This species is known by several common names, including squill, sea squill, sea onion,
and maritime squill. It may also
be called red squill,
particularly a form which produces red-tinged flowers instead of white.It is
native to southern Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa.
Uses
The plant has been used as a poison
and as a medicinal remedy. The main active compounds are cardiac glycosides, including unique bufadienolides such as glucoscillarene A,
proscillaridine A, scillarene A, scilliglaucoside and scilliphaeoside. The
plant can have a cardiac glycoside content of up to 3%. Scilliroside, the most important of the toxic
compounds, is present in all parts of the plant.
Poison
The plant has also been used as a poison. It is very bitter, so most animals avoid it. Rats, however, eat it readily, and then succumb to the toxic scilliroside.
Q.13 Rutin is rhamanoglucoside of
a) Scopoletin b)
Hesperitin c)
Esculetin d) Quercetin
Ans 13. D Rutin, also called rutoside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside
and sophorin, is the glycoside between the flavonol quercetin and the disaccharide rutinose
(α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6))-β-D-glucopyranose).
Rutin is one of the phenolic
compounds found in the invasive plant species Carpobrotus
edulis and
contributes to the antibacterial and antioxidant properties
of the plant.Its name comes from the name of Ruta graveolens, a plant that also contains rutin.
Health effectsWhile a body of evidence for the effects of rutin and quercetin is available in mice, rats, hamsters, and rabbits, as well as in vitro studies, no clinical studies directly demonstrate
significant, positive effects of rutin as dietary supplement in humans.
- Rutin inhibits platelet aggregation, as well as decreases capillary permeability, making the blood thinner and improving circulation.
- Rutin shows anti-inflammatory activity in some animal and in vitro models.
- Rutin inhibits aldose reductase activity. Aldose reductase is an enzyme normally present in the eye and elsewhere in the body. It helps change glucose into the sugar alcohol sorbitol.
- Recent studies show rutin could help prevent blood clots, so could be used to treat patients at risk of heart attacks and strokes.
- Some evidence also shows rutin can be used to treat hemorrhoids, varicosis, and microangiopathy.
- Rutin increases thyroid iodide uptake in rats without raising serum T3 or T4.
- Rutin is also an antioxidant; compared to quercetin, acacetin, morin, hispidulin, hesperidin, and naringin, it was found to be the strongest. However, in other trials, the effects of rutin were lower or negligible compared to those of quercetin.
Q.14 Castor oil is
a) Non drying oil b)
Semi drying oil c)
Drying oil d) Super drying
oil
Ans 14. B
Semi-drying
oil►
A semi-drying
oil is an oil which partially hardens when it
is exposed to air. This is as opposed to a to drying oil, which hardens completely, or a
non-drying oil, which does not harden at all. Oils with an iodine
number of 115-130 are
considered semi-drying. Examples →
- Corn oil
- Cottonseed oil
- Sesame oil
- Grape seed oil
Non-drying oil►
A non-drying oil is an oil which does not harden when it is exposed to air. This is as opposed to
a to drying oil, which hardens completely, or a semi-drying oil, which partially hardens. Oils with
an iodine
number of less than
115 are considered non-drying. Examples →
- Almond oil
- Babassu oil
- Coconut oil
- Cocoa butter
- Macadamia oil
- Olive oil
- Peanut oil
- Nahar Seed oil
- Baobab Oil
Drying
oil, unsaturated fatty oil, either
natural (such as linseed oil) or synthetic, that when spread into a thin film
becomes hard, tough, and elastic upon exposure to the air. Drying oils are used
as vehicles in paints, varnishes, and printing inks. Examples → nut oils—e.g.,
hempseed and linseed oils
Q.15 Animal wool fat is
a) Fat b)
Lipid c)
Wax d) Fixed oil
Ans 15. C Lanolin also called wool wax or wool grease,
is a yellow waxy substance secreted by the sebaceous glands of wool-bearing animals.
Q.16 Hyoscyamus is
a) Belladona b)
Henbane c)
Stramonium d) Duboisia
Ans 16. B Hyoscyamus is a small genus of flowering
plants in the nightshade family, Solanaceae. The eleven species it contains
are known generally as the henbanes. All of them are toxic. A poisonous Eurasian
plant (Hyoscyamus niger) having an unpleasant odor, sticky leaves, and
funnel-shaped greenish-yellow flowers. It is a source of the drug hyoscyamine.
Q.17 Murexide test is used for identification of
a) Purine b)
Tropane c)
Quinoline d) Indole
Ans 17. A Caffeine
(also the other purine alkaloids) gives murexide colour reaction. Caffeine is
taken in a petridish to which hydrochloric acid and potassium chlorate are
added and heated to dryness. A purple colour is obtained by exposing the
residue to vapours of dilute ammonia. The purple colour is lost on addition of
fixed alkali.
Q.18 Gas sterilization is done by using gas
a) Ethylene oxide b)
Formaldehyde c)
Nitrous oxide
d) Acetaldehyde
d) Acetaldehyde
Ans 18. A Ethylene oxide
Chemical
formula:C2H4O
(EO
or EtO) gas is commonly used to sterilize objects sensitive to temperatures
greater than 60 °C and / or radiation such as plastics, optics and electrics.
Ethylene oxide treatment is generally carried out between 30 °C and 60 °C with
relative humidity above 30% and a gas concentration between 200 and
800 mg/l, and typically lasts for at least three hours. Ethylene oxide
penetrates well, moving through paper, cloth, and some plastic films and is
highly effective. EtO can kill all known viruses, bacteria and fungi, including
bacterial spores and is compatible with most materials (e.g. of medical
devices), even when repeatedly applied. However, it is highly flammable, toxic
and carcinogenic with a potential to cause adverse reproductive effects.
Ethylene oxide sterilizers requires biological validation and testing of every
load, after sterilization installation, repairs or process failure. Biological
testing or spore testing are paper filter saturated in millions of Bacillus
atropheus known as Bacillus subtilis.
Q.19 Diazotization titration is not used for
a) Pyrimethamine b)
Sulphadiazine c)
Sulfamethoxazole d) Thiamine HCl
Ans 19. D Diazotization
Titrations
l Aromatic primary amines react with sodium nitrite in acidic
solutions to form diazonium salts.
l C6H5NH2 + NaNO2+HCl C6H5N2Cl+
NaCl + 2H2O
l End point is indicated by the presence of small amounts of nitrous
acid.
l End point detection by two methods,
l Visual end point
l Amperometrically
l Visual end point is indicated using starch iodide paper according to
the formula
l KI + HCl HI +
KCl
l 2HI + 2HNO2
I2 + 2NO + 2H2O
l Amperometric method is using bright platinum electrodes. At the
end point, permanent deflection of the galvanometer is observed. Usually 30 –
50mV of potential is applied.
Applications
Used in the determination of primary aromatic amines. May be used
for the analysis of drugs such as benzocaine, dapsone, primaquine etc
Q.20 In gas chromatography column length is
a) 5-10 meter b)
1-4 meter c)
10-15 meter d) 15-20 meter
Ans 20. B
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