Q.61 What is full form of ICH
a) International Council of Hormone
b) Indian Conference of Harmonization
c) International conference of Harmonization
d) International conference of humanity
Ans 61. C The
International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for
Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) is unique in bringing
together the regulatory authorities and pharmaceutical industry of Europe,
Japan and the US to discuss scientific and technical aspects of drug registration.
Since its inception in 1990, ICH has gradually evolved, to respond to the
increasingly global face of drug development, so that the benefits of
international harmonisation for better global health can be realised worldwide.
ICH's mission is to achieve greater harmonisation to ensure that safe,
effective, and high quality medicines are developed and registered in the most
resource-efficient manner.
Q.62 Which of the following is not related to ICH guideline?
a) Quality b) Cost
c) Efficacy d) Potency
Ans 62. B
Q.63 Pertusis potency is standardized by
a) 3+3 assay
b) Factorial assay
c) Potency is determined by ELISA Test
d) Potency is determined in fowl
Ans
63. C
All serum
samples were checked for the presence of anti–PT antibodies by both the CHO
cell assay and anti-PT ELISA, and for B. pertussis antibodies by the
PSPT-wC–ELISA. All assays were validated according to the ICH guideline for repeatability
and precision.
The
IgG anti-PT ELISA assay is an in-house developed assay described previously .
In brief, the assay is an indirect ELISA using 0.2 μg/mL of PT as coating
antigen. Sera were analysed in a 1000-fold dilution, and IgG results were
expressed as IU/mL according to the WHO International Standard Pertussis
Antiserum (National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters
Bar, UK, code: 06/140). To avoid false-positive results from heat-treated sera,
1% powdered skimmed milk was included in the blocking buffer and 0.1% powdered
skimmed milk was included in the sample dilution buffer.
Q.64 For Cancer cell line culture a HAT nutrient media is
required. What is HAT?
a) Hypoxanthine, Amthopterin, Thymidine
b) Hydroxyuracil, Aminoacid, Thymidine
c) Hypoxanthine, Aminopterin, Thymine
d) Hypoxanthine, Amthopterin, Thymine
Ans 64. A, HAT
Medium (hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine
medium) is a selection medium for mammalian cell culture,
which relies on the combination of aminopterin,
a drug that acts as a powerful folate
metabolism inhibitor by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase, with hypoxanthine
(a purine
derivative) and thymidine (a deoxynucleoside)
which are intermediates in DNA
synthesis. The trick is that aminopterin blocks DNA de
novo
synthesis, which is absolutely required for cell
division to proceed, but hypoxanthine and thymidine provide
cells with the raw material to evade the blockage (the "salvage
pathway"), provided that they have the right enzymes,
which means having functioning copies of the genes
that encode them.
Applications
HAT
medium is often used for preparation of monoclonal antibodies.
This process is called Hybridoma technology.
Laboratory animals (e.g., mice) are first exposed to an antigen
against which we are interested in isolating an antibody.
Once splenocytes are isolated from the mammal, the B
cells are fused with HPRT negative, immortalized
myeloma
cells using polyethylene glycol
or the Sendai virus. Fused cells are
incubated in the HAT medium. Aminopterin
in the medium blocks the de novo pathway. Hence, unfused myeloma cells die, as
they cannot produce nucleotides by de novo or salvage pathway. Unfused B cells
die as they have a short lifespan. In this way, only the B cell-myeloma hybrids
survive. These cells produce antibodies
(a property of B cells) and are immortal (a property of myeloma cells). The
incubated medium is then diluted into multiwell plates to such an extent that
each well contains only 1 cell. Then the supernatant
in each well can be checked for desired antibody. Since the antibodies in a
well are produced by the same B cell, they will be directed towards the same epitope,
and are known as monoclonal antibodies.
Q.65 Which of the following does not contain mitochondria?
a) Flatten fungi b) Bacteria c) Protozoa d) Yeast
Ans 65. B, Bacteria
are prokaryotes, which, by definition, are cells that don't possess
membrane-bound organelles.
Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles.
Cellular respiration, in prokaryotes, occurs within the cytoplasm or inner surfaces of the cell.
Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles.
Cellular respiration, in prokaryotes, occurs within the cytoplasm or inner surfaces of the cell.
Prokaryotes
do not have mitochondria because they can live with other cells thus they have
separate genetic code that exists outside the nucleus of a cell. Prokaryotes
are a group of organisms whose cells lack a cell nucleus and organisms whose
cells do have a nucleus are called eukaryotes. Mitochondria are unusual
organelles that act as the power plants of the cell surrounded by two
membranes, and have their own genome.
Prokaryotic
cell Structure
Flagellum
Cell
membrane
Cell wall
(except genus Mycoplasma)
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
Nucleoid
Glycocalyx
Inclusions
Q.66 Which one of the following is mechanism of Ranitidine?
a) Prostaglandin release b)
Stimulate gastrin release
c) Stimulate histamine release d)
Inhibit gastric acid secretion
Ans 66. D, Ranitidine is a histamine H2-receptor
antagonist that inhibits stomach acid production. It is commonly used in
treatment of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux
disease (GERD). Ranitidine is also used alongside fexofenadine
and other antihistamines for the treatment of skin conditions such as hives.
Ranitidine is also known to give false positives for methamphetamine on drug
tests.
Q.67 Which of the following is side effect of Cimetidine?
a) Diarrhea b)
Constipation
c) Inhibition of hepatic enzyme
d) none of these
Ans 67. C, Cimetidine
is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist that
inhibits stomach
acid production. It is largely used in the treatment of heartburn and
peptic
ulcers.
Cimetidine's
side effects can include dizziness, and more rarely, headache. It is a known
inhibitor of many isozymes
of the cytochrome P450 enzyme systemThis inhibition forms
the basis of the numerous drug
interactions that occur between cimetidine and other drugs. For example,
cimetidine may decrease metabolism of some drugs, such as those used in hormonal contraception.
Q.68 Which of the following ion is involved spore formation ?
a) Fe2+ b)
Fe3+
c) Zn2+ d)
Ca2+
Ans 68. D, Spores have new complex
chemical structure and have many structural differences from vegetative cells.
In fact, spores differently to vegetative cells are composed of various new
layers and contain new substances, dipicolinic acid and more relevant amount of
calcium.
The mineral
constituents are mostly potassium, calcium, manganese, magnesium, copper, and
phosphorus and related to the different phases of spore cycle, the calcium is
the most abundant and “participant” In native spores of Bacillus megaterium,
calcium is present in highest amount (2.5%) (Thomas 1964) and in decreasing
order there are manganese and phosphorus in the same percentage (1.4%?), magnesium
(0.24), potassium (0.8), iron (0.01) and copper.
The calcium is
certainly the most abundant mineral present in the mature spores (2-3% Ca2+) in
a molar a ratio of 1:1 with dipicolinic acid (Murrel, 1967). More recently, the
calcium complex with DPA has been found to constitute the 10% of the total
spore mass, providing heat resistance through protoplast dehydration . The Ca2+
content is variable and the amount in the spores depends on the availability of
Ca2+ in the environment outside the cell. During germination the Ca2+-DPA
chelated is excreted together. In opposite, during spore forming process, the
Ca2+ and DPA are transported together from mother cell into the developing
spore as complex Ca2+-DPA . The accumulation in mature spore in the chelated
Ca2+-dipicolinate form is a final product, but calcium ions are transported
from outside in unbound form in sporulating cells to be tightly bound with
dipicolinic acid in the mature spore. Eisenstadt and Silver in 1971 proposed an
active transport system of Ca2+ from outside of cell mother with internal
accumulation following saturation kinetics, and it was suggested a
membrane-situated calcium transport system. The calcium is chelated by DPA in
the mother cell and finally is located inside the cortex or core of the mature
spore. It has been shown in Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium a
carrier-mediated transporter of Ca2+ suggested as Ca2+/H+ exchanger driven by
the electrical gradient over the plasma membrane and according with these results, an
antiporter Ca2+/H+ has been characterised from B. subtilis. In B. subtilis has
been also suggested a contribution for calcium transport of P-type transport ATPase
that contributes in the formation of resistant spores .
Q.69 Southren blot is used for sequencing of neucleotide in probe
for
a) Hybridization of DNA molecule
b) Hybridization of Protein molecule
c) Hybridization of RNA molecule
d) Hybridization of Glycoside molecule
Ans 69. A, A Southern blot is a method
routinely used in molecular biology for detection of a specific DNA sequence in
DNA samples. Southern blotting combines transfer of electrophoresis-separated
DNA fragments to a filter membrane and subsequent fragment detection by probe
hybridization. The method is named after its inventor, the British biologist Edwin
Southern. Other blotting methods (i.e., western blot, northern blot, eastern
blot, southwestern blot) that employ similar principles, but using RNA or
protein, have later been named in reference to Edwin Southern's name. As the
technique was eponymously named, Southern blot is capitalized as is
conventional for proper nouns. The names for other blotting methods may follow
this convention, by analogy.
The northern blot is a technique used
in molecular biology research to study gene expression by detection of RNA (or
isolated mRNA) in a sample.
Flow diagram outlining
the general procedure for RNA detection by northern blotting.
With northern
blotting it is possible to observe cellular control over structure and function
by determining the particular gene expression levels during differentiation, morphogenesis,
as well as abnormal or diseased conditions.Northern blotting involves the use
of electrophoresis to separate RNA samples by size and detection with a hybridization
probe complementary to part of or the entire target sequence. The term
'northern blot' actually refers specifically to the capillary transfer of RNA
from the electrophoresis gel to the blotting membrane. However, the entire
process is commonly referred to as northern blotting. The northern blot technique
was developed in 1977 by James Alwine, David Kemp, and George Stark at Stanford
University.Northern blotting takes its name from its similarity to the first
blotting technique, the Southern blot, named for biologist Edwin Southern.The
major difference is that RNA, rather than DNA, is analyzed in the northern
blot.
Q.70 Fluted bottles are used to pack
a) Syrup b) Ointment c)
Linctus d) Mouth washes
Ans 70. D, A liquid medicinal product that is for external use must be
sold or supplied in a bottle, the outer surface of which is fluted vertically
with ribs or grooves recognisable by touch, if the product contains any of the
substances listed below.
Opium.
Croton,
oil of.
Cocaine;
its salts.
Atropine;
its salts.
Cantharidin;
cantharidates.
Chloral; its addition and its
condensation products other than alpha chloralose; their molecular compounds.
Phenols (any member of the series of
phenols of which the first member is phenol
and of which the molecular composition varies from member to member by one atom
of carbon and two atoms of hydrogen); compounds of phenol with a metal except in;
(a) medicinal products containing
one or more of the following:
• Butylated hydroxytoluene
• Carvacrol.
• Creosote obtained from coal tar.
• Essential oils in which phenols
occur naturally.
• Tar (coal or wood), crude or
refined.
• tert-Butylcresol.
• p-tert-Butylphenol.
• p-tert-Pentylphenol.
• p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)
phenol
• Thymol;
(b) mouthwashes containing less than
2% weight in volume of phenols;
(c) liquid disinfectants or
antiseptics not containing phenol and containing less
than 2.5% weight in volume of other
phenols;
(d) other medicinal products
containing less than 1% weight in volume of phenols.
• Physostigmine; its salts.
• Picric acid except in medicinal
products containing less than 5% weight in volume of picric acid.
• Pilocarpine; its salts except in
medicinal products containing less than the equivalent of 0.025% weight in volume of
pilocarpine.
• Podophyllum resin except in
medicinal products containing not more than 1.5% weight in weight of podophyllum resin.
• Solanaceous alkaloids not
otherwise included in this Schedule.
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