Pharmacology MCQ

1. A patient who requires a higher dose to achieve the same therapeutic

effect is said to

(a) be cured. (b) be addicted to the drug.

(c) have developed a tolerance to the drug. (d) None of the above

Ans. C

2. A patient who is allergic to shellfish is not likely to be allergic to some

medications.(a) True(b) False

Ans. B

3. What type of injection is used to prevent medication from leaking back onto the tissue?

(a) IM(b) Z-Track(c) SC (d) None of the above

Ans. B,  When a medication is injected directly into muscle, it is called an intramuscular injection (IM). The Z-track method of IM is used to prevent tracking (leakage) of the medication into the subcutaneous tissue (underneath the skin).

During the procedure, skin and tissue are pulled and held firmly while a long needle is inserted into the muscle. After the medication is injected, the skin and tissue are released. The needle track that forms during this procedure takes the shape of the letter “Z,” which gives the procedure its name. This zigzag track line is what prevents medication from leaking from the muscle into surrounding tissue. 

The procedure is usually administered by a nurse or doctor. In some cases, you may be instructed in how to perform Z-track injections on yourself at home.

Side effects can include swelling and injection discomfort. Z-track injection is usually less painful than a traditional IM injection.

4. Order: 1000 mL of IV fluid q12h. Available: 1000 mL of IV fluid and

microdrip tubing. How many gtts per minute will the nurse regulate the IV?

(a) 83 gtt/min (b) 83.3 gtt/min (c) 8.33 gtt/min (d) .833 gtt/min

Ans. A

5. Peppermint may relieve migraine headaches when rubbed on the forehead.(a) True (b) False

Ans. B

6. Water-soluble vitamins are excreted in urine shortly after they are absorbed. (a) True (b) False

Ans. A

7. Blenderized enteral feedings are

(a) lactose-free liquid. (b) powered mixed with milk.

(c) liquids that are individually prepared based on the nutritional needs of the patient.

(d) powered mixed with water.

Ans. C, Hospital prepared blenderized enteral tube feedings render unpredictable levels of micronutrients and macronutrients and appear likely to deliver less than the desired amounts of nutrients. Additionally, the viscosity of these feedings may be unsuitable for infusion through feeding tubes.

8. When administering enteral feedings, the patient may become dizzy if:

(a) large amounts of solution is administered rapidly. (b) the solution is too concentrated.  (c) the patient is supine (lying flat on back). (d) none of the above.

Ans. A

9. Which of the following medications prevents the formation of blood clots?

(a) Analgesic (b) Antipyretic (c) Anticoagulant (d) All of the above

Ans. C, Anticoagulants (antithrombics, fibrinolytic, and thrombolytics) are a class of drugs that work to prevent the coagulation (clotting) of blood. Such substances occur naturally in leeches and blood-sucking insects. A group of pharmaceuticals called anticoagulants can be used in vivo as a medication for thrombotic disorders.

nticoagulants reduce blood clotting. This prevents deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke.

Coumarins (vitamin K antagonists)

These oral anticoagulants are derived from coumarin, which is found in many plants. A prominent member of this class is warfarin (Coumadin). It takes at least 48 to 72 hours for the anticoagulant effect to develop. Where an immediate effect is required, heparin must be given concomitantly. These anticoagulants are used to treat patients with deep-vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE) and to prevent emboli in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), and mechanical prosthetic heart valves.

10. A infant does not receive a full dose of the drug given to its mother when the infant breastfeeds. (a) True (b) False

Ans. A

VPTAC Sample Paper for Pharmacy competitive examination, MCQ (With Explanation )-3

1. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - TYROSINE - is a/an a) amino acid and protein b) anti-biotic c) glycoside d) a fibrous tissue .

Ans 1. A, It is a non-essential amino acid with a polar side group. Tyrosine is a precursor to neurotransmitters and increases plasma neurotransmitter levels (particularly dopamine and norepinephrine) but has little if any effect on mood. The effect on mood is more noticeable in humans subjected to stressful conditions (see below).

A number of studies have found tyrosine to be useful during conditions of stress, cold, fatigue,loss of a loved one such as in death or divorce, prolonged work and sleep deprivation, with reductions in stress hormone levels, reductions in stress-induced weight loss seen in animal trials, improvements in cognitive and physical performance seen in human trials; however, because tyrosine hydroxylase is the rate-limiting enzyme, effects are less significant than those of L-DOPA.

2. ALVEOLI - are ___sacs. a) air b) blood c) lymph d) cerebro-spinal fluid .

Ans 2. A, An alveolus is an anatomical structure that has the form of a hollow cavity. Found in the lung parenchyma, the pulmonary alveoli are the terminal ends of the respiratory tree, which outcrop from either alveolar sacs or alveolar ducts, which are both sites of gas exchange with the blood as well. Alveoli are particular to mammalian lungs. Different structures are involved in gas exchange in other vertebrates. The alveolar membrane is the gas-exchange surface. Carbon dioxide rich blood is pumped from the rest of the body into the alveolar blood vessels where, through diffusion, it releases its carbon dioxide and absorbs oxygen.

3. ANERGY - is a ___disorder. a) organic disorder b) immunological disorder c) speech disorder  d) sleep disorder .

 

Ans 3.B, Anergy is a term in immunobiology that describes a lack of reaction by the body's defense mechanisms to foreign substances, and consists of a direct induction of peripheral lymphocyte tolerance. An individual in a state of anergy often indicates that the immune system is unable to mount a normal immune response against a specific antigen, usually a self-antigen. Lymphocytes are said to be anergic when they fail to respond to their specific antigen. Anergy is one of three processes that induce tolerance, modifying the immune system to prevent self-destruction (the others being clonal deletion and immunoregulation).

4. CHLORPROMAZINE - is a/an a) anti-coagulant b) stimulant c) tranquilliser d) anodyne .

 

Ans 4. C, Chlorpromazine is a dopamine antagonist of the typical antipsychotic class of medications possessing additional antiadrenergic, antiserotonergic, anticholinergic and antihistaminergic properties used to treat schizophrenia.

Chlorpromazine is classified as a low-potency typical antipsychotic and in the past was used in the treatment of both acute and chronic psychoses, including schizophrenia and the manic phase of bipolar disorder as well as amphetamine-induced psychoses. Low-potency antipsychotics have more anticholinergic side effects such as dry mouth, sedation and constipation, and lower rates of extrapyramidal side effects, while high-potency antipsychotics (such as haloperidol) have the reverse profile.

5. Cushing's disease - may lead to a) anorexia b) difficult breathing c) obesity d) deafness .

 

Ans 5. C, Cushing's syndrome describes the signs and symptoms associated with prolonged exposure to inappropriately high levels of the hormone cortisol. This can be caused by taking glucocorticoid drugs, or diseases that result in excess cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), or CRH levels.

Cushing's disease refers to a pituitary-dependent cause of Cushing's syndrome: a tumor (adenoma) in the pituitary gland produces large amounts of ACTH, causing the adrenal glands to produce elevated levels of cortisol. It is the most common non-iatrogenic cause of Cushing's syndrome, responsible for 70% of cases excluding glucocorticoid related cases. An easy way to distinguish Cushing's syndrome (primary hypercortisolism, specifically) from Cushing's disease is that the measured ACTH levels are lower in the former. The decrease in ACTH is due to increased negative feedback of cortisol on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.

This pathology was described by Harvey Cushing in 1932.The syndrome is also called Itsenko-Cushing syndrome,hyperadrenocorticism or hypercorticism.

Cushing's syndrome is not confined to humans and is also a relatively common condition in domestic dogs and horses. It also occurs in cats, however, rarely.

Symptoms include rapid weight gain, particularly of the trunk and face with sparing of the limbs (central obesity). Common signs include the growth of fat pads along the collarbone, on the back of the neck or "buffalo hump" and on the face "moon facies". Other symptoms include hyperhidrosis (excess sweating), telangiectasia (dilation of capillaries), thinning of the skin (which causes easy bruising and dryness, particularly the hands) and other mucous membranes, purple or red striae (the weight gain in Cushing's syndrome stretches the skin, which is thin and weakened, causing it to hemorrhage) on the trunk, buttocks, arms, legs or breasts, proximal muscle weakness (hips, shoulders), and hirsutism (facial male-pattern hair growth), baldness and/or extremely dry and brittle hair. In rare cases, Cushing's can cause hypocalcemia. The excess cortisol may also affect other endocrine systems and cause, for example, insomnia, inhibited aromatase, reduced libido, impotence in men, amenorrhoea/oligomenorrhea and infertility in women due to elevations in androgens. Studies have also shown that the resultant amenorrhea is due to hypercortisolism, which feeds back onto the hypothalamus resulting in decreased levels of GnRH release.

6. Cushing's disease - may result from the malfunctioning of ___ gland. a) adrenal gland b) prostate gland c) pituitary gland d) thyroid gland .

 

Ans 6. A, Cushing's disease refers to a pituitary-dependent cause of Cushing's syndrome: a tumor (adenoma) in the pituitary gland produces large amounts of ACTH, causing the adrenal glands to produce elevated levels of cortisol. It is the most common non-iatrogenic cause of Cushing's syndrome, responsible for 70% of cases excluding glucocorticoid related cases. An easy way to distinguish Cushing's syndrome (primary hypercortisolism, specifically) from Cushing's disease is that the measured ACTH levels are lower in the former. The decrease in ACTH is due to increased negative feedback of cortisol on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.

7. DEXAMETHASONE - is a) anti-coagulant b) vasodilater c) steroid d) none .

Ans 7. C, Dexamethasone is a potent synthetic member of the glucocorticoid class of steroid drugs that has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant effects. It is 25 times more potent than cortisol in its glucocorticoid effect, while having minimal mineralocorticoid effect.

8. DIMENHYDRINATE - is a) antiemetic b) antihistamine c) both d) none .

Ans 8. C, Dimenhydrinate is an over-the-counter drug used to prevent nausea and motion sickness. It is most commonly prepared as tablets, although it is also available in liquid form and in suppositories. Dimenhydrinate is a combination of two drugs: diphenhydramine and 8-chlorotheophylline, a chlorinated derivative of theophylline.

Dimenhydrinate is primarily used for nausea and vomiting.
Diphenhydramine is the primary constituent of dimenhydrinate and dictates the primary effect. The main difference relative to pure diphenhydramine is a lower potency due to being combined with 8-chlorotheophylline. 50 mg of dimenhydrinate contains 27.2 mg of diphenhydramine.

8-Chlorotheophylline was added in order to counteract drowsiness. Theophylline is very closely related to caffeine and theobromine, mild central nervous system stimulants. It was thought by scientists that by combining the antiemetic effects of diphenhydramine with a stimulant, the extreme drowsiness induced by the former could be mitigated somewhat by the latter. The sedation caused by diphenhydramine, however, is substantially stronger than the stimulation caused by 8-chlorotheophylline, so the overall effect is still mostly sedating.

9. GONADS - can be found in a) males b) females c) both d) only in adult males .

Ans 9. C, The gonad is the organ that makes gametes. The gonads in males are the testes, and the gonads in females are the ovaries. The product, gametes, are haploid germ cells. For example, spermatozoon and egg cells are gametes.

10. Gonads - produce ___ cells. a) brain cells b) red blood cells c) white blood cells

d) sex cells .

Ans 10.D

VPTAC Sample Paper for Pharmacy competitive examination, MCQ (With Explanation )-2

Q.1  HODGKIN'S DISEASE - is a type of

a) anemia             b) constriction        c) cancer         d) blood clotting .

Q.2  MACULA LUTEA - is in

a) ankle           b) brain                       c) eyes             d) neck .

Q.3  MASTIGOPHORAN - is a/an

a) antibody        b) pain-killer               c) enzyme         d) pathogen .

Q.4 PRURITUS - is a type of

 a) anemia        b)constriction                c) pain              d) itch .

 

Q.5 SCLEROSIS - refers to ___ of tissues. 

a)hardening and thickening        b) softening        c) dilating and thinning                  d) clotting .

Q.6  SEROLOGISTS - mainly study 

a) blood               b) phlegm                     c) enzymes               d) urine .

Q.7  THIAZIDES - are 

a) anti-coagulants              b) pain killers               c) diuretics               d) steroids .

Q.8 THIAZIDES - block the reabsorption of

___ in the kidneys.

a) iron              b) calcium                      c) potassium                   d) sodium .

Q.9 TORPOR - is a person's body and mental ___. 

a) activity                 b) inactivity                    c) growth               d) augmentation .

Q.10 TRISKAIDEKAPHOBIA - is fear of

 a) number 13                b) lightning and thunder              c) open spaces            d) closed spaces .

Answer 1. c   2. c   3.d (Protozoa)  4.d    5.a  6.a 7.c  8.d  9.b 10.a

Ans.1 C,  Hodgkin disease is a type of lymphoma. Lymphoma is a cancer of a part of the immune system called the lymph system. The first sign of Hodgkin disease is often an enlarged lymph node. The disease can spread to nearby lymph nodes. Later it may spread to the lungs, liver, or bone marrow. The exact cause is unknown.
Hodgkin disease is rare. Symptoms include

• Painless swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, or groin
• Fever and chills
• Night sweats
• Weight loss
• Loss of appetite
• Itchy skin

To diagnose Hodgkin disease, doctors use a physical exam and history, blood tests, and a biopsy. Treatment depends on how far the disease has spread. It often includes radiation therapy or chemotherapy.
The earlier the disease is diagnosed, the more effective the treatment. In most cases, Hodgkin disease can be cured.

Ans.2 C, The macula or macula lutea  is an oval-shaped highly pigmented yellow spot near the center of the retina of the human eye. It has a diameter of around 6 mm  and is often histologically defined as having two or more layers of ganglion cells. Near its center is the fovea, a small pit that contains the largest concentration of cone cells in the eye and is responsible for central, high resolution vision. The macula also contains the parafovea and perifovea.

Function:-

Structures in the macula are specialized for high acuity vision. Within the macula are the fovea and foveola which contain a high density of cones (photoreceptors with high acuity).

Ans.3 D (Protozoa) , Any of various protozoans of the class Mastigophora, all of which possess one or more flagella. Usually nonphotosynthetic free-living protozoan with whiplike appendages; some pathogens of humans and other animals.

Ans.4 D, Pruritus simply means itching. It can be associated with a number of disorders, including dry skin, skin disease, pregnancy, and rarely, cancer.

Ans.5 A, In medicine, sclerosis (also spelled sclerosus in the names of a few disorders; from Greek σκληρός "hard") refers to the stiffening of a structure, usually caused by a replacement of the normal organ-specific tissue with connective tissue.

Types include:

• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, sometimes known as motor neuron disease or Lou Gehrig's disease, a progressive, incurable, usually fatal disease of motor neurons.
• Atherosclerosis, a deposit of fatty materials, such as cholesterol, in the arteries which causes hardening.
• Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is a disease that attacks the kidney's filtering system (glomeruli) causing serious scarring and thus a cause of nephrotic syndrome in children and adolescents, as well as an important cause of kidney failure in adults.
• Hippocampal sclerosis, a brain damage often seen in individuals with temporal lobe epilepsy.
• Lichen sclerosus, a disease that hardens the connective tissues of the vagina of women and the penis of men. An autoimmune disorder.
• Liver sclerosis is a common misspelling of cirrhosis of the liver.
• Multiple sclerosis, or focal sclerosis, is a central nervous system disease which affects coordination.
• Osteosclerosis, a condition where the bone density is significantly increased.
• Otosclerosis, a disease of the ears.
• Systemic sclerosis (progressive systemic scleroderma), a rare, chronic disease which affects the skin, and in some cases also blood vessels and internal organs.
• Tuberous sclerosis, a rare genetic disease which affects multiple systems.
• Primary sclerosing cholangitis, a hardening of the bile duct by scarring and repeated inflammation.
• Primary lateral sclerosis, progressive muscle weakness in the voluntary muscles.

Ans.6 A, A list of serologists, medical specialists in serology, the study of blood serum and identification of antibodies.

Ans.7 C, Thiazide is a type of molecule and a class of diuretics often used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) and edema (such as that caused by heart, liver, or kidney disease).
The thiazides and thiazide-like diuretics reduce the risk of death, stroke, heart attack and heart failure due to hypertension. In most countries, the thiazides are the cheapest antihypertensive drugs available.

Ans.8 D, The commonly used diuretics all work to block Na⁺ reabsorption at different sites along the nephron, as illustrated in the figure. Loop diuretics block the Na⁺/K⁺/2Cl^- cotransporter that is present in the loop of Henle. Examples are furosemide and bumetanide.

The thiazide diuretics are drugs that block Na⁺ reabsorption in the distal tubule by blocking the Na⁺/Cl^- cotransporter. These drugs are the diuretics that are most commonly prescribed to treat hypertension.

Amiloride blocks the epithelial Na⁺ channel (ENaC) that is present in the cortical collecting duct. Recall that Na⁺ reabsorption in this segment of the nephron is regulated by the hormone aldosterone. Thus, aldosterone receptor antagonists such as spironolactone and eplerenone also work as diuretics. Amiloride and the aldosterone receptor antagonists are considered potassium-sparing diuretics.

Ans.9 B, Torpor is a state of decreased physiological activity in an animal, usually by a reduced body temperature and metabolic rate. Torpor enables animals to survive periods of reduced food availability. A torpor bout can refer to the period of time a hibernator spends at low body temperature, lasting days to weeks, or it can refer to a period of low body temperature and metabolism lasting less than 24 hours, as in "daily torpor".

Ans.10 A, Triskaidekaphobia (from Greek tris meaning "3", kai meaning "and", deka meaning "10" and phobos meaning "fear" or "morbid fear") is fear of the number 13 and avoidance to use it; it is a superstition and related to a specific fear of Friday the 13th, called paraskevidekatriaphobia (from Παρασκευή Paraskevi, Greek for Friday) or friggatriskaidekaphobia (after Frigg, the Norse goddess Friday is named after in English).

The term was first used by Isador Coriat in Abnormal Psychology