Notes for Pharmacy competitive examination-6 (Pharmacology)

• VACCINES

LIVE ATTENUATED:

measles

mumps

polio

rubella

typhoid

varicella

tuberculosis

yellowfever

INACTIVATED:

rabies

influenza

tetanus

hepatits A

RECOMBINANT:  hepatitis B

TOXOID: diphtheria ; tetanus

• TEST ORGANISM FOR MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF ANTIBIOTICS

ANTIBIOTIC - TEST ORGANISM

Amikacin - staphlococcus aureus

Amphotericin B - saccharomyces cerevisiae

Bacitracin - micrococcus luteus

Bleomycin - mycobacterium smegmatis

Carbenicillin - pseudomonas aeruginosa

Doxycycline - staphlococcus aureus

Erythromycin - micrococcus luteus

Framycetin - bacillus pumilis , staphylococcus aureus

gentamycin - staphylococcus epidermidis

Kanamycin - bacillus pumilis, staphylococcus aureus

kanamycin B - bacilus subtilis

Neomycin - staphlococcus epidermidis

Novobiocin - staphlococcus epidermidis

Nystatin - saccharomyces cerevisiae

Oxyteracycline - bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus

Polymyxin B - bordetella bronchiseptica

Rifamycin - bacillus subtilis

Streptomycin - bacillus subtilis , klebsiella pneumoniae

Tetracycline - bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus

• Disease associated with altered neurotransmitters levels in brain

Parkinsonism : Decreased DOPAMINE in striatum

Schizophrenia : Increased DOPAMINE levels

Depression : Decreased NOREPINEPHRINE & 5-HT

Mania : Decreased NOREPINEPHRINE & 5-HT

Hallucination : Increased 5-HT

Alzhiemer's : Decreased ACETYLCHOLINE & Destruction of Cholinergic Neurons

Athetosis : Decreased GABA in Putamen

Chorea : Decreased GABA in Caudate Nucleus

Amyotropic lateral sclerosis: Decreased ACETYLCHOLINE

• ENZYMES AND THEIR METAL COFACTORS

FE2+ - CYTOCHROMEOXIDASE, CATALASE, PEROXIDASE

CU2+ - CYTOCHROME OXIDASE

ZN2 + - DNA POLYMERASE, CARBONIC ANHYDRASE, ALCOHOL

DEHYDROGENASE

MG2 + - HEXOKINASE, GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE

MN2+ - ARGINASE

K+ - PYRUVATE KINASE

NI2+ - UREASE

MO - NITRATE REDUCTASE

SE - GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE

• MICROSOMAL ENZYMES INDUCERS AND INHIBITORS

MICROSOMAL ENZYME INDUCERS

ALCOHOL

CHLORALHYDRATE

CORTISONE

NICOTINE

PREDNISOSLONE

PHENYTOIN

CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE

IMIPRAMINE

PHENOBARBITAL

TESTOSTERONE

MICROSOMAL ENZYME INHIBITORS

ALLOPURINOL

ORAL ANTIDIABETICS

DISULFIRAM

METRONIDAZOLE

ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS

ANABOLIC AGENTS

CHLORAMPHENICOL

ISONIAZID

MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS

CEMETIDINE

• DISEASE AND THEIR DEFECTIVE ENZYME

Albinism - tyrosine-3-mono oxygenase

Alkaptonuria - homogentisate1,2-dioxygenase

Galactosemia - galactose-1-phosphate iridylyl transferase

Homocystinuria - cystathione B- synthase

Phenylketonuria - phenylalanine-4-mono oxygenase

Taysachs disease - hexosaminidase A

Hypervalinemia - valine transaminase

Arginosuccinic - arginosuccinate lyase acidemia

krabbes disease - beta galactosidase

Fabrys disease - alpha galactosidase

Niemann pick disease - sphingomyelinase

farbers disease - ceramidase

gauchers disease - beta gluosidase

• DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

a)Syphilis-

VDRL test,kahn test,wasserman test

Treponema immobilization test,

Fluroescent antibody-absorbed serum test.

B)Diptheria-= Schick test,elex test

C) T.BTuberculin,= mantoux test

D) leprosy-=  Lepromin tsest

E)typhoid or enetric fever-= Widal test

F)Rhumetoid arthritis-= Rose water test

G) Small pox-= Ouchterlony

E)Pneumonia-= Cold hemaglutination test, streptococcus MG hemaglutination test

F)brucellosis-= Coombs test(opsonization test)

G)lymphogranuloma venerum-= Frei test

H)typhus fever-= Weil felix test

I)hemophillius-= Ducrey test

G) scarlet fever-= Dick test

H)to detect human chornic gonadotrophin in serum of woman-=Radio immuno assay(RIA)

• BIOASSAYS OF DRUGS

Adrenaline - bp raising effects in spinal cats

noradrenaline- bp raising effects in spinal cats

histamine- contraction of isolated guinea pig ileum

insulin- hypoglycemic convulsions in mice

acetylcholine- contraction of isolated frog rectus muscle

d-Tc - rabbit head drop due to pralysis of neck muscles

digitalis- death due to cardiac arrest in guinea pig

oxytocin- contraction of guinea pig uterine muscles

androgens - growth copons comb

adreno cortico tropic hormone- adrenal ascorbic acid estimation in hypophysectomised rats

• CLASSIFICATION OF POTASSIUM CHANNEL OPENERS

BENZOPYRAN DERIVATIVES:

kromokalmn

bimakalim

erikalim

...See More

• MICRO ORGANISMS USED AS BIOASSAYS FOR VITAMINS

ASSAY MICRO ORGANISM - VITAMIN

lactobacillus casei - biotin,folicacid,pyridoxal,riboflavine

l. arabinosus - calcium pantothenate,nicotinic acid

l.leichmanii -            cyanocobalamin

l.viridans -                  thiamine

saccharomyces urarum -         inositol

acetobacter suboxydans -                 panthothenol

neurospora crassa (or) s.carlsberginsis -          pyridoxine

• Biological indicators

moist heat sterilisation (121 degre Centi ): bacillus stearo thermophilus

dry heast sterilisation (160 degre centi) : bacillus subtilis var niger

hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid : bacillus stearo thermophilus

ethylene oxide , formaldehyde : bacillus subtilis var niger

ionising radiation : bacillus pumilis

• Tests and their uses

watson schwartz test - urobilinogen

schumms test - heme

carrprice test - vit A

gmelins test - bile pigments

gothlin test - scurvy

gofmann test - serum cholesterol

murexide test - uric acid

reinsch test - heavy metals

gordons test - spinal fluid

biuret test - peptides

legals test- for estimation of acetone

ames test – carcinogenicity

• side effects nd shortcuts

Busulfan feature : ABCDEF

Alkylating agent

Bone marrow suppression

CML Indication

Dark skin(hyperpigmentation)

Endocrine insufficiency(adrenal)

Fibrosis

Drugs causing Torsades de Pointes:APACHE

Amiodarone

Procainamide

Arsenium

Cisapride

Haloperidol

Erythromycin

Morphine side effects :MORPHINE

Myosis

Out of it(sedation)

Respiratory depression

Pneumonia(aspiration)

Hypotension

Infrequency(constipation,urina

ry retention)

Nausea

Emesis

Aspirin side effects :ASPIRIN

Asthma

Salicylism

Peptic ulcer disease/phosphorylation-oxidat

ion uncoupling/platelet disaggregation

Intestinal blood loss

Reye's Syndrome

Idiosyncracy

Noise(tinnitus)

SSRIs side effects :SSRI

Seratonin syndrome

Stimulate CNS

Reproductive disfunction in male

Insomnia

Inhalation anesthetics : SHINE

Sevoflane

Halothane

Isoflurane

Nitrous oxide

Enflurane

Teratogenic drugs :"Win TERATogenic

Warfarin

Thalidomide

Epileptic drugs:Phenytoin,Valproate,Carb

amazepine

Retinoid

ACE inhibitor

Third element :Lithium

Gynaecomastia causing drugs:DISCOS

Digoxin

Isoniazid

Spironolactone

Cimetidine

Oestrogens

Stilboestrol

Methyldopa Side effects :METHYLDOPA

Mental retardation

Electrolyte imbalance

Tolerance

Headache/ Hepatotoxicity

psYcological upset

Lactation in female

Dry mouth

Oedema

Parkinsonism

Antirheumatic agents :CHAMP

Cyclophosphamide

Hydroxycloroquine and choloroquinine

Auranofin and other gold compounds

Methotrexate

Penicillamine

Phenytoin: adverse effects PHENYTOIN

P-450 interactions

Hirsutism

Enlarged gums

Nystagmus

Yellow-browning of skin

Teratogenicity

Osteomalacia

Interference with B12 metabolism (hence anemia)

Neuropathies: vertigo, ataxia, and headache

Sodium Valproate side effccts VALPROATE

Vomiting

Alopecia

Liver toxicity

Pancreatitis/ Pancytopenia

Retention of fats (weight gain)

Oedema (peripheral oedema)

Appetite increase

Tremor

Enzyme inducer (liver)

Amiodarone: action, side effects: 6 P's:

Prolongs action potential duration

Photosensitivity

Pigmentation of skin

Peripheral neuropathy

Pulmonary alveolitis and fibrosis

Peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 is inhibited -> hypothyroidism

Antiparkinson Drugs :SALAD

Selegiline

Anticholinenergics (trihexyphenidyl, benzhexol, ophenadrine)

L-Dopa + peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (carbidopa, benserazide)

Amantadine

Dopamine postsynaptic receptor agonists (bromocriptine, lisuride, pergolide)

Therapeutic Index Formula TILE

TI = LD / ED

Anti epeleptic drugs Dr.BHAISAB's New PC.

Deoxy barbiturates

Barbiturates

Hydantoin

Aliphatic carb acids

Iminostilbenes

Succinimides

BZD's

Newer drugs

Phenyltriazines

Cyclic gaba analogues

Adverse effects of Tetracyclines-KAPIL DEV

Kidney toxicity

Antianabolic effect

Phototoxicity

Liver toxicity

Diabetes insipidus

CAPTOPRIL Side effects CAPTOPRIL

Cough Angioedema

Agranulocystosis

Proteinuria/ Potassium excess

Taste changes

Orthostatic hypotension

Pregnancy contraindication/ Pancreatitis/ Pressure drop (first dose hypertension)

Renal failure (and renal artery stenosis contraindication)/ Rash

Indomethacin inhibition

Leukopenia/Liver toxicity

Lithium: side effects LITH

Leukocytosis

Insipidus [diabetes insipidus, tied to polyuria]

Tremor/ Teratogenesis

Hypothyroidism

Myocardial Infarction(MI): signs and symptoms PULSE

Persistent chest pains

Upset stomach

Lightheadedness

Shortness of breath

Excessive sweating

MI: basic management (Shortcut:BOOMAR)

Bed rest

Oxygen

Opiate

Monitor

Anticoagulate

Reduce clot size